高速铁路异物侵限监测网设置范围计算公式的完善

高速铁路异物侵限监测系统是高速铁路重要的基础设施,其监测网的安装范围正确与否将直接关系到高速铁路的运输安全,原铁道部运输局2010年颁布的《高速铁路防灾安全监控系统-公跨铁立交桥异物侵限监测方案》提供了公跨铁立交桥异物侵限监测电网设置范围的计算公式。通过举例分析发现,当公跨铁立交桥与铁路线的夹角大于70°时,该计算公式得出的计算结果偏小,甚至还会出现负值的不合理现象,对高速铁路运营安全产生不利影响,因此有必要对该计算公式进行修改完善。根据公跨铁立交桥与铁路线的夹角大小分(0,70°)、[70°,90°)、[90°,180°)三个区间进行讨论,并利用三角函数法,研究得出一整套新的计算公式。研究成果表明,用新的计算公式得出的公跨铁立交桥异物侵限监测电网设置范围更加科学合理,提高了高速铁路异物侵限监测系统的安全监控性能。     

浅谈三角高程测量在麦地河电站中的应用

随着电磁波测距仪、全站仪的普及,EDM三角高程测量越来越受到关注,应用范围也不断扩大。本文仅结合一些工作中的实例作了简略的阐述。     

SMA-13L沥青混合料的特点及配合比设计实例

通过工程实例,介绍了具有辽宁地方特色的SMA-13L配合比设计方法。     

胶粉改性沥青的性能研究

对几组不同配方的胶粉改性沥青进行了性能对比研究,确定了最佳搅拌剪切温度、最佳搅拌剪切时间,研究了稳定剂、相溶剂对胶粉改性沥青储存稳定性的影响,对胶粉改性沥青的加工与应用具有一定的指导作用。     

A comparison of various algorithms to extract Magic Formula tyre model coefficients for vehicle dynamics simulations

Tyre models are a prerequisite for any vehicle dynamics simulation. Tyre models range from the simplest mathematical models that consider only the cornering stiffness to a complex set of formulae. Among all the steady-state tyre models that are in use today, the Magic Formula tyre model is unique and most popular. Though the Magic Formula tyre model is widely used, obtaining the model coefficients from either the experimental or the simulation data is not straightforward due to its nonlinear nature and the presence of a large number of coefficients. A common procedure used for this extraction is the least-squares minimisation that requires considerable experience for initial guesses. Various researchers have tried different algorithms, namely, gradient and Newton-based methods, differential evolution, artificial neural networks, etc. The issues involved in all these algorithms are setting bounds or constraints, sensitivity of the parameters, the features of the input data such as the number of points, noisy data, experimental procedure used such as slip angle sweep or tyre measurement (TIME) procedure, etc. The extracted Magic Formula coefficients are affected by these variants. This paper highlights the issues that are commonly encountered in obtaining these coefficients with different algorithms, namely, least-squares minimisation using trust region algorithms, Nelder–Mead simplex, pattern search, differential evolution, particle swarm optimisation, cuckoo search, etc. A key observation is that not all the algorithms give the same Magic Formula coefficients for a given data. The nature of the input data and the type of the algorithm decide the set of the Magic Formula tyre model coefficients.     

A study of the relationship between Magic Formula coefficients and tyre design attributes through finite element analysis

Pacejka's Magic Formula Tyre Model is widely used to represent force and moment characteristics in vehicle simulation studies meant to improve handling behaviour during steady-state cornering. The experimental technique required to determine this tyre model parameters is fairly involved and highly sophisticated. Also, total test facilities are not available in most countries. As force and moment characteristics are affected by tyre design attributes and tread patterns, manufacturing of separate tyres for each design alternative affects tyre development cycle time and economics significantly. The objective of this work is to identify the interactions among various tyre design attributes-cum-operating conditions and the Magic Formula coefficients. This objective is achieved by eliminating actual prototyping of tyres for various design alternatives as well as total experimentation on each tyre through simulation using finite element analysis. Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element technique, a specialized technique in ABAQUS, is used to simulate the steady-state cornering behaviour; it is also efficient and cost-effective. Predicted force and moment characteristics are represented as Magic Formula Tyre Model parameters through non-linear least-squares fit using MATLAB. Issues involved in the Magic Formula Tyre Model representation are also discussed. A detailed analysis is made to understand the influence of various design attributes and operating conditions on the Magic Formula parameters. Tread pattern, tread material properties, belt angle, inflation pressure, frictional behaviour at the tyre–road contact interface and their interactions are found to significantly influence vehicle-handling characteristics.     

赛车轮毂多功能集成化设计新方法

由于传统制造工艺在复杂曲面和集成化加工的局限性,导致方程式赛车轮毂的多功能集成化一直被制约,以至于传统赛车轮毂总成普遍存在体积硕大、重量大、传动效率低等问题。文章基于集成化设计原则,在保留传统赛车轮毂总成所需功能的前提下,改变赛车外球笼、轮毂、轮辐等的结构以进行集成化设计从而得到多功能集成化赛车轮毂。所获得的集成化赛车轮毂体积重量明显减小且传动效率明显提高,达到了通过集成化以实现轻量化的目标。     

扬州瘦西湖隧道全黏土地层泥水盾构施工开挖面稳定性研究

扬州瘦西湖隧道地处全黏土地层,在该类地层中使用泥水盾构施工的案例较少,全黏土地层在盾构施工下的土体力学性质与变形规律尚未得到充分研究。为了解决全黏土地层在盾构施工下开挖面稳定性与各项盾构参数之间的关系问题,采用室内试验与计算模拟相结合的方法对瘦西湖隧道泥水盾构施工停机状态下的开挖面稳定性进行研究分析。研究结果表明:1)盾构停机时,随着停机时间的增长,泥水不断浸入开挖面前方土体,开挖面附近土体应力表现出一定的拱效应,导致开挖面稳定性不断降低;2)在泥水浸润时间相同的条件下,随膨胀土膨胀力取值的增高,开挖面极限支护压力呈现增长趋势;3)根据开挖面失稳原因,提出了开挖面稳定性控制措施,并通过模型计算进行验证。     

利用遗传算法识别汽车轮胎魔术公式参数

汽车轮胎动力学模型的准确度对汽车运动仿真的精度影响很大。汽车轮胎魔术公式是一种精度较高的轮胎模型。利用遗传算法的非线性优化特点,对汽车轮胎纯滑移魔术公式参数进行识别,并讨论算法参数对参数识别的影响。识别结果,纵向力和侧向力的相对残差在5%左右,回正力矩的相对残差在10%左右。